References

  • What is QCT?
  • CTXA--DXA-equivalent hip BMD measurements with QCT?
  • CliniQCT--The QCT Pro asynchronous calibration method.
  • Dual Use--measurement of BMD from CT images acquired for other reasons.
  • Dual Use--Impact of IV contrast agent.
  • BIT--BMD and bone geometry measurements at the proximal femur.
  • Dual Energy QCT--marrow adiposity.
  • Liver Adiposity.
  • Tissue Composition Module.
  • What is QCT?

  • Link TM, Lang TF. Axial QCT: clinical applications and new developments. J Clin Densitom. 2014 Oct-Dec;17(4):438-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2014.04.119. Epub 2014 May 28. Review. PubMed PMID: 24880494.
  • Cann CE, Genant HK. Precise measurement of vertebral mineral content using computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1980 Aug;4(4):493-500. PubMed PMID: 7391292.
  • Cann CE, Genant HK, Kolb FO, Ettinger B. Quantitative computed tomography for prediction of vertebral fracture risk. Bone. 1985;6(1):1-7. PubMed PMID: 3994856.
  • Cann CE. Quantitative CT for determination of bone mineral density: a review. Radiology. 1988 Feb;166(2):509-22. Review. PubMed PMID: 3275985.
  • Block JE, Smith R, Glueer CC, Steiger P, Ettinger B, Genant HK. Models of spinal trabecular bone loss as determined by quantitative computed tomography. J Bone Miner Res. 1989 Apr;4(2):249-57. PubMed PMID: 2728928.
  • Yu W, Glüer CC, Grampp S, Jergas M, Fuerst T, Wu CY, Lu Y, Fan B, Genant HK. Spinal bone mineral assessment in postmenopausal women: a comparison between dual X-ray absorptiometry and quantitative computed tomography. Osteoporos Int. 1995;5(6):433-9. PubMed PMID: 8695964.
  • Li N, Li XM, Xu L, Sun WJ, Cheng XG, Tian W. Comparison of QCT and DXA: Osteoporosis Detection Rates in Postmenopausal Women. Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:895474. doi: 10.1155/2013/895474. Epub 2013 Mar 27. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3623474; PubMed PMID: 23606843.
  • Cheng XG, Li K, Ou SX, Tang GY, Wang QQ, Wang C, Wang L, Tian W. Heterogeneity in Spinal Bone Mineral Density Among Young Adults From Three Eastern Provincial Capital Cities in Mainland China. J Clin Densitom. 2017 Apr - Jun;20(2):198-204. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2016.03.009. Epub 2016 Apr 29. PubMed PMID: 27140902.
  • CTXA—DXA-equivalent hip BMD measurements with QCT.

  • Cann CE, Adams JE, Brown JK, Brett AD. CTXA hip--an extension of classical DXA measurements using quantitative CT. PLoS One. 2014 Mar 17;9(3):e91904. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091904. eCollection 2014. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3956816; PubMed PMID: 24637515.
  • Khoo BC, Brown K, Cann C, Zhu K, Henzell S, Low V, Gustafsson S, Price RI, Prince RL. Comparison of QCT-derived and DXA-derived areal bone mineral density and T scores. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Sep;20(9):1539-45. doi: 10.1007/s00198-008-0820-y. Epub 2008 Dec 24. PubMed PMID: 19107384.
  • Cheng Xiaoguang, Wang Ling, Wang Qianqian, et al. Validation of quantitative computed tomography-derived areal bone mineral density with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in an elderly Chinese population [J]. Chin Med J,2014,127( 08 ): 1445-1449. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20132915
  • Ma XH, Zhang W, Wang Y, Xue P, Li YK. Comparison of the Spine and Hip BMD Assessments Derived from Quantitative Computed Tomography. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:675340. doi: 10.1155/2015/675340. Epub 2015 Jul 27. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4530246; PubMed PMID: 26273301.
  • CliniQCT—--The QCT Pro asynchronous calibration method.

  • Brown JK, Timm W, Bodeen G, Chason A, Perry M, Vernacchia F, DeJournett R. Asynchronously Calibrated Quantitative Bone Densitometry. J Clin Densitom. 2017 Apr - Jun;20(2):216-225. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2015.11.001. Epub 2016 Jan 15. PubMed PMID: 26781430.
  • Habashy AH, Yan X, Brown JK, Xiong X, Kaste SC. Estimation of bone mineral density in children from diagnostic CT images: a comparison of methods with and without an internal calibration standard. Bone. 2011 May 1;48(5):1087-94. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.12.012. Epub 2010 Dec 23. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4780050; PubMed PMID: 21185418.
  • Pickhardt PJ, Bodeen G, Brett A, Brown JK, Binkley N. Comparison of femoral neck BMD evaluation obtained using Lunar DXA and QCT with asynchronous calibration from CT colonography. J Clin Densitom. 2015 Jan-Mar;18(1):5-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2014.03.002. Epub 2014 May 28. PubMed PMID: 24880495. PubMed PMID: 24880495.
  • Wang L, Su Y, Wang Q, Duanmu Y, Yang M, Yi C, Cheng X. Validation of asynchronous quantitative bone densitometry of the spine: Accuracy, short-term reproducibility, and a comparison with conventional quantitative computed tomography. Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 24;7(1):6284. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06608-y. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5524691; PubMed PMID: 28740145.
  • Dual Use—measurement of BMD from CT images acquired for other reasons.

  • Brett AD, Brown JK. Quantitative computed tomography and opportunistic bone density screening by dual use of computed tomography scans. Journal of Orthopedic Transltion. 2015 3:178-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2015.08.006.
  • Hui SK, Khalil A, Zhang Y, Coghill K, Le C, Dusenbery K, Froelich J, Yee D, Downs L. Longitudinal assessment of bone loss from diagnostic computed tomography scans in gynecologic cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and radiation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Oct;203(4):353.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.06.001. Epub 2010 Aug 3. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2947567; PubMed PMID: 20684943.
  • Hui SK, Weir VJ, Brown K, Froelich J. Assessing the clinical utility of quantitative computed tomography with a routinely used diagnostic computed tomography scanner in a cancer center. J Clin Densitom. 2011 Jan-Mar;14(1):41-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2010.02.004. PubMed PMID: 21295741.
  • Pickhardt PJ, Lee LJ, del Rio AM, Lauder T, Bruce RJ, Summers RM, Pooler BD, Binkley N. Simultaneous screening for osteoporosis at CT colonography: bone mineral density assessment using MDCT attenuation techniques compared with the DXA reference standard. J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Sep;26(9):2194-203. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.428. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3304444. PubMed PMID: 21590738.
  • Pickhardt PJ, Bodeen G, Brett A, Brown JK, Binkley N. Comparison of femoral neck BMD evaluation obtained using Lunar DXA and QCT with asynchronous calibration from CT colonography. J Clin Densitom. 2015 Jan-Mar;18(1):5-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2014.03.002. Epub 2014 May 28. PubMed PMID: 24880495. PubMed PMID: 24880495.
  • Ziemlewicz TJ, Binkley N, Pickhardt PJ. Opportunistic Osteoporosis Screening: Addition of Quantitative CT Bone Mineral Density Evaluation to CT Colonography. J Am Coll Radiol. 2015 Oct;12(10):1036-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2015.04.018. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5514547; PubMed PMID: 26435117.
  • Mao SS, Li D, Luo Y, Syed YS, Budoff MJ. Application of quantitative computed tomography for assessment of trabecular bone mineral density, microarchitecture and mechanical property. Clin Imaging. 2016 Mar-Apr;40(2):330-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2015.09.016. Epub 2015 Sep 21. Review. PubMed PMID: 26602163.
  • Ziemlewicz TJ, Maciejewski A, Binkley N, Brett AD, Brown JK, Pickhardt PJ. Direct Comparison of Unenhanced and Contrast-Enhanced CT for Opportunistic Proximal Femur Bone Mineral Density Measurement: Implications for Osteoporosis Screening. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2016 Apr;206(4):694-8. doi: 10.2214/AJR.15.15128. Epub 2016 Feb 11. PubMed PMID: 26866336.
  • Dual Use—Impact of IV contrast agent.

  • Habashy AH, Yan X, Brown JK, Xiong X, Kaste SC. Estimation of bone mineral density in children from diagnostic CT images: a comparison of methods with and without an internal calibration standard. Bone. 2011 May 1;48(5):1087-94. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.12.012. Epub 2010 Dec 23. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4780050; PubMed PMID: 21185418.
  • Ziemlewicz TJ, Maciejewski A, Binkley N, Brett AD, Brown JK, Pickhardt PJ. Direct Comparison of Unenhanced and Contrast-Enhanced CT for Opportunistic Proximal Femur Bone Mineral Density Measurement: Implications for Osteoporosis Screening. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2016 Apr;206(4):694-8. doi: 10.2214/AJR.15.15128. Epub 2016 Feb 11. PubMed PMID: 26866336.
  • Pickhardt PJ, Lauder T, Pooler BD, Muñoz Del Rio A, Rosas H, Bruce RJ, Binkley N. Effect of IV contrast on lumbar trabecular attenuation at routine abdominal CT: correlation with DXA and implications for opportunistic osteoporosis screening. Osteoporos Int. 2016 Jan;27(1):147-52. doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3224-9. Epub 2015 Jul 8. PubMed PMID: 26153046.
  • BIT—BMD and bone geometry measurements at the proximal femur.

  • Poole KE, Mayhew PM, Rose CM, Brown JK, Bearcroft PJ, Loveridge N, Reeve J. Changing structure of the femoral neck across the adult female lifespan. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Mar;25(3):482-91. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.090734. PubMed PMID: 19594320.
  • Ito M, Wakao N, Hida T, Matsui Y, Abe Y, Aoyagi K, Uetani M, Harada A. Analysis of hip geometry by clinical CT for the assessment of hip fracture risk in elderly Japanese women. Bone. 2010 Feb;46(2):453-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.08.059. Epub 2009 Sep 6. PubMed PMID: 19735752.
  • Borggrefe J, Graeff C, Nickelsen TN, Marin F, Glüer CC. Quantitative computed tomographic assessment of the effects of 24 months of teriparatide treatment on 3D femoral neck bone distribution, geometry, and bone strength: results from the EUROFORS study. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Mar;25(3):472-81. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.090820. PubMed PMID: 19778182.
  • Khoo BC, Brown K, Zhu K, Pollock M, Wilson KE, Price RI, Prince RL. Differences in structural geometrical outcomes at the neck of the proximal femur using two-dimensional DXA-derived projection (APEX) and three-dimensional QCT-derived (BIT QCT) techniques. Osteoporos Int. 2012 Apr;23(4):1393-8. doi: 10.1007/s00198-011-1727-6. Epub 2011 Jul 23. PubMed PMID: 21786006.
  • Johannesdottir F, Aspelund T, Reeve J, Poole KE, Sigurdsson S, Harris TB, Gudnason VG, Sigurdsson G. Similarities and differences between sexes in regional loss of cortical and trabecular bone in the mid-femoral neck: the AGES-Reykjavik longitudinal study. J Bone Miner Res. 2013 Oct;28(10):2165-76. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.1960. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3779495; PubMed PMID: 23609070.
  • Allison SJ, Poole KE, Treece GM, Gee AH, Tonkin C, Rennie WJ, Folland JP,vSummers GD, Brooke-Wavell K. The Influence of High-Impact Exercise on Cortical and Trabecular Bone Mineral Content and 3D Distribution Across the Proximal Femur in Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Unilateral Intervention. J Bone Miner Res. 2015 Sep;30(9):1709-16. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2499. PubMed PMID: 25753495.
  • Uchiyama S, Ikegami S, Kamimura M, Moriya H, Akahane T, Nonaka K, et al. (2016) Bone Strength, Skeletal Muscle Area, and Biochemical Markers Associated with Bone Metabolism in Patients with Fragility Distal Radius Fracture. J Osteopor Phys Act 4:167. doi:10.4172/2329-9509.1000167
  • Dual Energy QCT—marrow adiposity.

  • Bredella MA, Daley SM, Kalra MK, Brown JK, Miller KK, Torriani M. Marrow Adipose Tissue Quantification of the Lumbar Spine by Using Dual-Energy CT and Single-Voxel (1)H MR Spectroscopy: A Feasibility Study. Radiology. 2015 Oct;277(1):230-5. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2015142876. Epub 2015 May 19. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4613879; PubMed PMID: 25988401.
  • Hui SK, Arentsen L, Sueblinvong T, Brown K, Bolan P, Ghebre RG, Downs L, Shanley R, Hansen KE, Minenko AG, Takhashi Y, Yagi M, Zhang Y, Geller M, Reynolds M, Lee CK, Blaes AH, Allen S, Zobel BB, Le C, Froelich J, Rosen C, Yee D. A phase I feasibility study of multi-modality imaging assessing rapid expansion of marrow fat and decreased bone mineral density in cancer patients. Bone. 2015 Apr;73:90-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.014. Epub 2014 Dec 20. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4336831; PubMed PMID: 25536285.
  • Magome T, Froelich J, Holtan SG, Takahashi Y, Verneris MR, Brown K, Dusenbery K, Wong J, Hui SK. Whole-Body Distribution of Leukemia and Functional Total Marrow Irradiation Based on FLT-PET and Dual-Energy CT. Mol Imaging. 2017 Jan-Dec;16:1536012117732203. doi: 10.1177/1536012117732203. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5624344; PubMed PMID: 28948859.
  • Liver Adiposity.

  • Cheng X, Blake GM, Brown JK, Guo Z, Zhou J, Wang F, Yang L, Wang X, Xu L. The measurement of liver fat from single-energy quantitative computed tomography scans. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2017 Jun;7(3):281-291. doi: 10.21037/qims.2017.05.06. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5537127; PubMed PMID: 28811994.
  • Xu L, Duanmu Y, Blake GM, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Brown K, Wang X, Wang P, Zhou X, Zhang M, Wang C, Guo Z, Guglielmi G, Cheng X. Validation of goose liver fat measurement by QCT and CSE-MRI with biochemical extraction and pathology as reference. Eur Radiol. 2017 Dec 13. doi: 10.1007/s00330-017-5189-x. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29238866.
  • Tissue Composition Module.

  • Wang L, Wang W, Xu L, Cheng X, Ma Y, Liu D, Guo Z, Su Y, Wang Q. Relation of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue to bone mineral density in chinese women. Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:378632. doi: 10.1155/2013/378632. Epub 2013 Jun 3. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3686129; PubMed PMID: 23861681.
  • Uchiyama S, Ikegami S, Kamimura M, Moriya H, Akahane T, Nonaka K, et al. (2016) Bone Strength, Skeletal Muscle Area, and Biochemical Markers Associated with Bone Metabolism in Patients with Fragility Distal Radius Fracture. J Osteopor Phys Act 4:167. doi:10.4172/2329-9509.1000167
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